![]() Recently, the appearance of cribra orbitalia was identified as vascular in nature. However, the etiology of cribra orbitalia remains unclear. While population prevalence of cribra orbitalia seems excessive for explanation on the basis of these hypotheses, the imprints are clearly vascular in origin.Ĭribra orbitalia is a phenomenon with interdisciplinary interest. The actual character of cribra orbitalia is documented and new hypotheses generated. Recognition of the blood vessel imprint pattern falsifies previous speculations and provides a new paradigm. Neither that perspective nor porosity are supported by high resolution examination of orbital roof changes. Cribra orbitalia has often been lumped indiscriminately as an indicator of organismal stress, rather than identified as a indicating a specific etiology. Evaluation of the orbits of 12 individuals with diagnosed anemia revealed one with a single deep defect, suggesting a space‐occupying phenomenon, but no evidence of bone accretion, vascular grooves, or porosity. Orbital roof alterations, present in one‐third of examined crania, had two discrete appearances: Vascular grooves (45%) and application of new bone in a vascular branching pattern on the orbit surface (55%). Also, 12 additional individuals with diagnosed anemia in the Hamann‐Todd collection were evaluated. Superior orbital surfaces of 278 individual crania within the Hamann‐Todd collection were assessed at various magnifications using epi‐illumination microscopy to identify the presence of cribra orbitalia and characterize its nature. ![]() Therefore, the external surfaces of orbital roofs were systematically examined microscopically in human skulls from historical collections. The orbital phenomenon, cribra orbitalia, has long been a source of controversy, especially with regard to its nature, derivation, and relationship to anemia.
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